Pope Alexander III was born with the given name of Rolando Bandinelli in the year A.D., and died in A.D. He began his reign as Pope in the year 1159 A.D. and ended his reign in the year 1181 A.D., during the High Middle Ages. Alexander III was from Siena, and his papal number is: 170 out of 267 officially recognized Roman Catholic Popes.
Summary: Powerful pope who triumphed over schism and conflict with Frederick Barbarossa.
Biography:Alexander III became pope in the face of a long schism supported by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, making his pontificate one of the defining contests of twelfth-century Christendom. For years he defended his legitimacy against imperial antipopes and political pressure.
His eventual success, sealed in the Peace of Venice, marked a major vindication of papal resilience and diplomatic skill. He also presided over the Third Lateran Council, which addressed discipline and reformed papal election procedure further.
Alexander III stands as one of the great high medieval popes, victorious in schism, strong in law, and central to the maturation of papal monarchy.
